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Invertebrate eyes have microvilli-based rhabdomeric photoreceptors while vertebrate have cilia-based outer segment photoreceptors.
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In contrast, the invertebrate retina is composed of regular hexagonal arrays, the ommatidia, each containing eight types of photoreceptors R1 to R8. The outer nuclear layer contains the cell bodies of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), the inner nuclear layer contains the cell bodies of the bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells and the ganglion cell layer contains the cell bodies of the retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrine cells. The vertebrate retina is composed of three layers of neurons, two layers of synapses and Müller glial cells which stretch radially across the thickness of the retina. Finally, we emphasize on novel perspectives that emerge from the development of redox-proteomics, the new frontier in retinal biology. We show that the exponential growth of data generated by functional genomics is a future challenge not only in terms of storage but also in terms of accessibility to the scientific community of retinal biologists in the future. We illustrate our purpose by showing that most of the genes of interest for retinal development and those involved in inherited retinal degenerations have a restricted expression to the retina and most particularly to photoreceptors cells.
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We address the contribution of functional genomics to the understanding of retinal biology by reviewing key events in their historical perspective as an introduction to major findings that were obtained through the study of the retina using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. The retina has a central position both in fundamental biology and in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases. The retina is the light sensitive part of the eye and nervous tissue that have been used extensively to characterize the function of the central nervous system.